Shut Out: India's Poor, Urban Children—Part I
- A child from a poor, urban family is 40% more likely to die than a richer child in India's towns and cities.
- Children below 10 in urban areas—especially girls—are 20% more likely to be sick than children of the same age in rural areas.
- One in 10 of nearly two million homeless people in urban areas is a child, of which more than half (boys and girls) reported sexual abuse.
- More than a third of homeless children admitted to substance abuse—from glue-sniffing to hard drugs—and 96% of those who did were boys.
IndiaSpend has compiled data from various sources to evolve a picture of what it means to be a child from a poor, urban family—or without a family. Officially, a person who lives on less than Rs 47 a day is counted as poor. Part one today focuses on health, homelessness and substance abuse, while Part two next week explores education, crime and child labour.
One of the sources used is a new report Forgotten Voices—The World of Urban Children in India released this week by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), a consultancy, and Save The Children, an advocacy. We have also added in data from, among others, the Census, the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPRCR) and the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
Poor, urban children: Among India's most disadvantaged
The picture that emerges of poor, urban children is that they are among India's most disadvantaged people. In many respects, they are worse off than those in rural areas, with indications that they may never be a part of what is called India's demographic dividend—economic growth driven by 472 million below 18 years of age, the largest number of young people in the world.
Of 377 million Indians, 32% are children below 18 years of age, and more than eight million children under six years live in approximately 49,000 slums, according to the PwC report, which quotes census data.
There are many more than these who live in poverty but are not counted as officially poor because they may live on more than Rs 47 per day. Between 15 and 18 million children lived in slums, according to UNICEF, in 1992. Clearly, poor, urban children are under-counted.
The 49,000 slums the report refers to are those that are officially counted and recognised, or "notified". There are thousands more uncounted slums with unknown numbers of children. There are 13.7 million slum households, according to census 2011.
Urban children, especially those from disadvantaged sections, are susceptible to ill-health, poor access to water and sanitation, insufficient education, urban disasters and lack of protection, noted the PwC and Save Our Children report.
As distress grows in rural India, still home to 833 million people, India's urban areas are witnessing a population explosion. The urban population added 91 million people—more than the populations of Germany or Egypt—in the decade ending in 2011 and grew 2.5 times faster than in rural areas.
Of those families that are migrants, the overwhelming majority begins life on the streets, move into slums and then—if they succeed—work their way up. It is a difficult life, and those most vulnerable are children.
Malnourished. Sick. More likely to die
The mortality rate for poor children under five is 72.7 (those who die for every 1,000 born alive). That is the same as the Gambia, Laos and Haiti, three of the world's poorest countries and higher than the urban average of 51.9 (although lower than the rural average of 82).
"More than 46% of urban poor children are underweight and almost 60% of urban poor children miss total immunisation before completing one year," said a document in the National Urban Health Mission report.
"Poor environmental conditions in the slums along with high population density makes them vulnerable to lung diseases like asthma, tuberculosis etc. Slums also have a high-incidence of vector-borne diseases and cases of malaria among the urban poor are twice as high as other urbanites," the report said.
These concerns and the urban population explosion prompted the launch of the National Urban Health Mission in 2013.
The latest health data show that rural populations are healthier than urban, as IndiaSpend previously reported, and that proportionally more urban children are ailing, according to this NSSO report. “Ailing” is defined as someone who suffers from an illness that can be treated in less than a month.
| Youngest Children (per 1000) “Ailing” Most | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Rural | Urban | ||||
| Male | Female | Combined | Male | Female | Combined | |
| 0-4 years | 119 | 86 | 103 | 111 | 117 | 114 |
| 5-9 years | 65 | 50 | 58 | 87 | 71 | 80 |
| 10-14 years | 43 | 47 | 45 | 57 | 53 | 56 |
| 15-29 years | 35 | 57 | 46 | 38 | 59 | 48 |
Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Migration, the leading reason for homelessness
There are 1.9 million homeless people, of which 0.7 million live in urban areas, according to the 2011 census. Of these, 10% (70,000) are aged less than 6 years.
Among children who lived on the street, 52% did so because their families had migrated, followed by 14.5% who had come to the city in search of jobs and money, according to this study, conducted by Save the Children and the Department of International Development (government of UK) in the cities of Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar and Jaipur in 2013-14.
| Prevalence of Homeless Children (Under 18) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | Children living on the street | Children working on the street | Children from street families | Total number of street children | ||
| Kolkata | 3,172 | 7,080 | 9,778 | 20,030 | ||
| Hyderabad | 1,784 | 4,593 | 3,743 | 10,120 | ||
| Bhubaneswar | 458 | 2,592 | 484 | 3,533 | ||
| Jaipur | 519 | 1,991 | 1,959 | 4,469 | ||
Source: Save The Children
Most homeless children lived under a roof (46.3%)—in pipes, under tarpaulins, and flyovers, in places of worship and anything else that qualified as a roof—followed by those who lived in the open (32%).
As many as 54.5% of homeless children reported sexual abuse, with 66% of boys and 67% of girls. Substance abuse was a widespread problem, with children reporting addictions to a range of substances, from glue-sniffing to hard drugs.
Substance abuse: An 'urgent public-health concern'
One in three children living on the streets admitted to substance abuse, according to a study conducted by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights in 2013.
"Recent times have witnessed a gradual increase in substance use among the younger population, with more people initiating substance use from an early age," said the report's foreword. "Use of substance among children is basically due to curiosity, peer pressure and also low perception of harm, migration, poverty, street life etc., adds to the menace. Substance use among children and adolescents is (an) urgent public health concern."
More than 83% these children reported a tobacco habit, followed by 68% who drank alcohol and 36% who smoked cannabis, said the report, carried out in 27 states and two union territories across 135 sites in cities and towns, with 4,024 respondents.
| Substance Abuse Among Street Children (5-18 Years) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Substance | % of Respondents Reporting Use | Frequency of use (days in a month) |
| Tobacco | 83.2 | Almost daily |
| Alcohol | 67.7 | 13 |
| Cannabis | 35.4 | 17 |
| Inhalants | 34.7 | Almost daily |
| Pharma opioids | 18.1 | 16 |
| Injectables | 12.6 | 13 |
| Sedatives | 7.9 | 16 |
| Heroin, smack, brown sugar | 7.9 | 17 |
Source: National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Of the children reporting substance abuse, 95.8% were boys and 4.2% were girls; 69.8% of the respondents lived in urban spaces. A majority of the children (58.8%) were out of school, 28% were in formal schools and 12.9% were in open schools.
“Children in urban areas are often better off than their rural counterparts. This is a result of high standards of health, protection, education and sanitation," noted a 2012 UNICEF report. "But urban advances have been uneven. Millions of children in a marginalised setting confront daily challenges and deprivations of their rights.” ¦
On Monday: Part II—Education, crime and child labour
(Salve and Tewari are policy analysts at IndiaSpend.)
“Liked this story? IndiaSpend.com is a non-profit, and we depend on readers like you to drive our public-interest journalism efforts. Donate Rs 500; Rs 1,000, Rs 2,000.”
